10 Things To Demystify GLP-1

The OECD Principles of GLP was developed specifically for the conduct of studies which produce data for regulatory decisions. The experiment on GLU-VENUS mice was approved by local ethics committees and conformed to United Kingdom Home Office regulations, ColonBroom formula the experiment on Tgr5−/− mice were approved by the local animal experimentation committee of the Canton de Vaud (license no. 2614) and the experiment on GF/CONV-R mice was performed with protocols approved by the University of Gothenburg Animal Studies Committee. After 30 min glucose deprivation in DMEM No Glc medium, a 1 h-GLP-1 secretion test in response to DMEM without glucose, to DMEM with glucose (5.5 mmol l−1) or in response to DMEM with glucose (5.6 mmol l−1) plus phloretin (0.5 mmol l−1) was performed at 37 °C in DMEM plus 1% DPP-4 inhibitor (Ile-Pro-Ile, Sigma-Aldrich). After permeabilization during 10 min (Tris/NaCl/0.1% TRITON X100), ColonBroom brand unspecific protein binding sites were masked by Dako Protein Block (DAKO) during 2 h at room temperature. The remaining tissue was washed in cold PBS and frozen at −80 °C in NaOH 2 N. Protein content was assessed according to BCA’s method (Thermoscientific). Cells were lysed in NaOH (0.8 mol l−1) under agitation and total protein content was determined using the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce).



To estimate mitochondrial quantity, 24 h DMSO- and ColonBroom GLP-1 GW4064-treated GLUTag cells were washed with PBS, trypsinized and incubated at 37 °C for 20 min with 100 nmol l−1 MitoTracker Green FM (Molecular Probes). Pieces were washed 5 × in cold HBSS plus 2% horse serum and then incubated for 10 min at 4 °C in HBSS containing 2% horse serum and 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT, 1 mmol l−1). After additional washing in cold HBSS plus 2% horse serum, ileum pieces were distributed in 48-well plates and ColonBroom brand stabilized for 3 h at 37 °C in Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco Medium (Life Technologies) containing 10% fetal calf serum (Life Technologies). Peyer’s patches were removed and the ileum was opened longitudinally and ColonBroom brand cut into 5-mm-long pieces. Ileum (corresponding to the five terminal centimetres of the small intestine) and colon were washed once with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), opened longitudinally on ice and the intestinal mucosa was scrapped and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. As recognized earlier, this can be one of the challenges that small hotels face in their regenerative journey, but with the right resources and support, it can be achieved.



Adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes can only be prescribed Wegovy and Saxenda within specialist weight management services. GLP-1 medications like Wegovy may help women manage polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a hormonal condition linked to symptoms such as acne, excessive hair growth, weight gain and fertility issues. ATP measurement (Cell Titre Glow, Promega) on GLUTag cells in response to glucose (5.6 mmol l−1) was performed in the same condition as GLP-1 secretion assays according to the manufacturer’s protocol and luciferase activity was measured using Viktor apparatus (PerkinElmer). In some experiments, cells were deprived of glucose by a 12 h incubation in glucose-free medium (DMEM GLUTamax, Cat. After treatment, GLUTag cells were starved for 30 min in glucose-free Krebs/phosphate buffer (NaCl (120 mmol l−1), KCl (5 mmol l−1), MgCl2 (0.